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    • 专利摘要:
    The invention relates to a composition comprising a mixture of a chitosan formulation and a coagulable fluid, wherein the chitosan formulation has a concentration of at least 2.5% of mass chitosan in relation to the total mass of chitosan formulation, said chitosan having a dynamic viscosity of less than or equal to 60mPa.s, measured in 1% (v / v) acetic acid, said composition comprising at least one organic sugar or polyol salt. The invention relates to a medical device.
    公开号:FR3038838A1
    申请号:FR1501476
    申请日:2015-07-13
    公开日:2017-01-20
    发明作者:Mickael Chausson；Pierre Douette；Sandrine Gautier
    申请人:SYNOLYNE PHARMA；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    Chitosan for mixing with a coagulable fluid
    The present invention relates to the field of implantable compositions for repairing a tissue defect and a joint defect, and in particular cartilage. For example, the compositions may be implanted or injected onto a cartilage lesion that has been debrided and has undergone a microfracture procedure that involves puncturing microtunnels to stimulate the bone marrow.
    Chitosan is a polysaccharide well known in the prior art. It is a copolymer composed of glucosamine units, deacetylated, and N-acetyl-glucosamine units (acetylated). The properties of chitosan vary in particular according to the structure of the polymer, and in particular its molecular weight, reflected by its dynamic viscosity, for example.
    Chitosan presents formulation difficulties because it is soluble at acidic pH, less than 6, but insoluble at pH higher than this value.
    It is known that the addition of organic salt such as sodium glycerophosphate makes it possible to solubilize the higher pH chitosan by avoiding its precipitation. Glycerophosphate solutions mixed with a high molecular weight chitosan (> 200kDa) have a temperature-dependent sol-gel transition and can gel during the transition from a temperature of about 4 ° C to a temperature of about 40 ° C. ° C.
    It is known from patent application WO 2011/060545 to prepare a chitosan / blood mixture having a concentration of chitosan described as ranging from 1 to 10% by weight and in which the volume ratio blood / chitosan solution ranges from 4: 1 to 1: 1 to form a clot in the form of a paste by a blood coagulation mechanism in the presence of chitosan. This patent application evokes the use of different organic or inorganic salts, and focuses (examples and embodiments) on the use of inorganic salts. This application advocates the use of a chitosan having a molecular weight greater than 200 kDa, and more specifically 232 kDa. The concentrations of chitosan used are about 2% by weight. Coagulation times are at best 5 minutes with human blood (see Example 2, and Figure 5). It can be noted by comparing Tables 3 and 6 that the clotting time on human blood can be very different from that obtained on animal blood, in this case the time of coagulation with human blood is clearly greater than the time of clotting. coagulation with rabbit blood (single to fivefold dp). This document does not describe how to prepare other chitosan and blood compositions with rapid clotting time. This document does not describe how to prepare a clot that spreads easily when applied to the surface of a fabric that is not arranged in a horizontal plane. This document suggests that clots break up into at least two fragments (Tables 3 and 7). In addition, this document mentions (Table 8) that clots with a concentration of 2% of chitosan were not homogeneous. It is therefore not easy to obtain a rapid coagulation of the clot of sarig qtri is integral, non-retracted, unfragmented, resistant to compression and deformation.
    The patent application WO 2011/060544, of the same applicant as the application WO 2011/060545 (Corporation of the Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal), describes the preparation of compositions based on chitosan for their use for tissue repair, and focuses on a comparison of formulations with or without sodium glycerophosphate (abbreviated "GP"), replaced in this case by a salt of sodium chloride while adjusting the formulation to a pH of 6.6 - see examples. In particular, the influence of molecular weight varies over a wide range (2.7 to 298 kDa). The molecular weight of chitosan does not appear to have any effect in the presence of NaCl, but it appears to influence the clot formation time in the presence of GP, the best results being obtained for a high molecular weight, ie a molecular mass of 232kDa and 298 kDa (see Example 2, Tables 9, 11, 13 and 15). For a chitosan molecular weight of less than 232 kDa the coagulation time with rabbit blood is greater than 12 minutes in the presence of an organic salt, according to FIGS. 3 and 5. This would justify the molecular weight value of the recommended chitosan by the application WO 2011/060545 (232kDa according to the examples). The concentrations of chitosan used in WO 2011/060544 are less than 2% (tables, examples). In all the examples of this application, the clots are evaluated with freshly collected blood in the rabbit, which does not allow to conclude on the coagulation time or the mechanical properties of a chitosan / human blood mixture. This document does not describe how to prepare other chitosan-based compositions having a rapid coagulation time, nor how to improve the coagulation time especially of a coagulable human fluid. This document does not describe how to prepare a clot that spreads easily when applied to a fabric that is not arranged in a horizontal plane. This document suggests that clots break up into at least two fragments (Tables 10, 12, 14 and 16). Moreover, this document mentions that the homogeneity of the chitosan / blood mixtures is variable. It is therefore not easy to obtain a rapid coagulation of the blood clot that is integral, non-retracted, non-fragmented, resistant to compression and deformation and at the start of a homogeneous mixture easily reproducible manner.
    The patent application WO 2011/060554, of the same applicant as the application WO 2011/060545 (Corporation of the Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal), describes the preparation of pre-solidified chitosan compositions for their use for tissue repair. The concentrations of chitosan used in WO 2011/060554 are less than 2% (tables, examples). The coagulation times described in the presence of a composition comprising chitosan and an organic salt are greater, largely, at 20 minutes. Such clot formation time is not desired by a clinical practitioner, usually the surgeon, when he is to inject such a composition into a tissue of a patient. It is therefore appropriate to limit the coagulation time of a formulation of chitosan mixed with human blood. This document does not describe how to prepare other chitosan-based compositions with rapid clotting time, or how to improve coagulation time. This document does not describe how to prepare a clot that spreads easily when applied to a fabric, including a fabric that is not arranged in a horizontal plane. This document aims to provide compositions at physiological pH (pH 7). This document does not indicate how to prevent a clot fragmenting and also does not describe how to obtain a clot which is not pre-solidified, in particular to allow the injection of blood-chitosan mixture through a needle in the case of an arthroscopic implantation procedure.
    The patent application WO 2011/060553 describes a teaching close to the abovementioned patent applications (WO 2011/060545, WO 2011/060544, and WO 2011/060554), but relates to two-part compositions, one comprising chitosan, the other is the organic salt (glycerophosphate). It describes compositions comprising up to 2.5% chitosan (on page 8). Feasibility studies focus on two-part compositions comprising chitosan with a molecular weight greater than 300 kDa (Table 3) and 1.5% chitosan in solution (Table 6). The concentrations of chitosan used in mixture with human blood are less than 2% by mass relative to the mass of the chitosan solution. This document does not describe how to prepare other chitosan-based compositions with rapid clotting time, or how to improve coagulation time. This document does not describe how to prepare a clot that spreads easily when applied to a fabric that is not arranged in a horizontal plane. This document does not indicate whether the clots are fragmenting and does not address the specific problem of providing both homogeneous mixtures prior to coagulation and clots with both rapid coagulation and integrity, not retracted, no fragmented, resistant to compression and deformation.
    The patent application WO 02/00272 describes a composition and a method for repairing and regenerating cartilage or other tissues. This application teaches pages 15 and 16 that it is known to mix a chitosan with a glycerophosphate, chitosan having a concentration of 0.5 to 3% and a high molecular mass (several hundred kDa) especially to avoid the precipitation of chitosan at pH greater than 6.2. This document also teaches (page 16) that chitosan can remain in the soluble state at physiological pH but that it requires reducing the concentration or the molecular weight and the degree of deacetylation of chitosan (0.1%, 350 kDa, 50%). %). The examples support a chitosan concentration of 1.5% for its applications mixed with blood (Example 4). The concentrations of chitosan solutions used in mixture with human blood are less than 2%. This document does not suggest how to prepare other chitosan-based compositions exhibiting rapid clotting time, or how to improve coagulation time. This document does not describe how to prepare a clot that spreads easily when applied to a fabric that is not arranged in a horizontal plane.
    The patent application WO 99/07416 describes a thermo-gellable composition based on chitosan. This document does not suggest how to decrease the coagulation time of a mixture of such a composition with blood. This document does not describe how to prepare a clot that spreads easily when applied to a fabric that is not arranged in a horizontal plane,
    Thus, it emerges from the previous applications that, while certain technical approaches have been envisaged for preparing chitosan compositions having a low coagulation time mixed with human blood, the solution proposed by the present invention was not suggested. On the contrary, it appears that those skilled in the art focused on a concentration of chitosan less than or equal to 2% for its applications in mixture with the blood, and more specifically focused on chitosans having a molecular mass greater than 200kDa. However, compositions with a high concentration of chitosan have the technical disadvantage, in the presence of an organic salt of sugar or polyol, of gelling at room temperature over time, because of their thermo-gelling character, especially during of their storage. The skilled person was therefore encouraged to use a concentration of chitosan less than or equal to 2%. Furthermore, compositions comprising a combination of chitosan and glycerophosphate have a coagulation time generally well above 10 minutes in mixture with blood.
    In the case for example of the use of such a composition for the regeneration of cartilage, the patient must be operated so that the composition is implanted at the level of the defective cartilage. During this operation, the clinical practitioner must wait for the composition containing chitosan mixed with the blood of the patient to coagulate, as described for example by Stanish et al. (Oper Tech Orthop 16: 271, 2006) and Tey et al. (Arthroscopy Techniques 4, 29, 2015), from 15 to 25 minutes. The longer the time, the more the patient is immobilized in the operating room. However, in general, the shortest possible surgical procedures are sought, in particular to minimize personnel costs, to be able to carry out more daily interventions, to avoid the risks of infection related to prolonged exposure to the patient. external environment, etc. Thus, it would be advantageous to shorten them, in particular by accelerating the formation of the clot. Moreover, when the operation relates to joints other than the knee, for example the shoulder, or any other joint that does not appear in a horizontal plane when the patient is lying on the operating table, the composition may have a texture, and in particular a viscosity that is not suitable. In such a case, the composition, when brought into contact with the cartilage, may not remain in position or even flow. There is therefore a need to provide compositions having good integrity, good mechanical properties, good adhesion to the tissue surface to allow optimal implantation on a tissue that is not disposed in the horizontal plane when the patient is lying down on an operating table.
    In addition, there is now a general tendency to practice surgical procedures under endoscopy, to minimize invasiveness, risk of infection and minimize tissue trauma. For example, Stanish et al. (Oper Tech Orthop 16, 271, 2006; J Bone Joint Surg Am. 95, 1640, 2013) indicate that the treatment of a cartilage lesion by a blood-based and chitosan-based composition can be performed by arthroscopy if the lesion is fully visible in the field of view. In this case, it is recommended to inject the mixture before clot formation on the lesion comprising the microtunnels, and wait for the clot to form before removing the instruments. Tey et al. (Arthroscopy Techniques 4, 29, 2015) have for example used a 18 Gauge needle to inject the clot (internal diameter of 800 to 880pm). For the procedure arthroscopy is adequate, it is desirable that the mixture between the blood and the chitosan solution is homogeneous, otherwise would cause the formation of new cartilage non-uniformly over the entire treated lesion. This would compromise the quality of the new cartilage, including its frictional properties and mechanical properties over time, which would again cause damage due to wear. It is also desirable that the injection mixture be of low viscosity so that it can pass easily through a needle. It must finally be coagulated quickly so that it does not flow beyond the lesion to be treated and to reduce the duration of the surgical procedure.
    The present invention aims to solve one or preferably many of the technical problems set forth above.
    The object of the present invention is in particular to solve the technical problem of providing a composition based on chitosan and a coagulable fluid that can be used for tissue regeneration and that has a short coagulation time in the presence of a coagulable fluid, and in particular whole blood.
    The present invention is legally intended to provide a chitosan-based composition that is homogeneous in the presence of a coagulable fluid, and in particular whole blood, before coagulation.
    Another object of the present invention is to improve the mechanical properties of the chitosan / coagulable fluid mixture having coagulated and formed a clot, and in particular of the chitosan / blood mixture.
    More specifically, the present invention aims to provide a composition based on chitosan and a coagulable fluid having both a rapid coagulation time, good homogeneity, and good mechanical properties, in particular to facilitate implantation on a plane. non-horizontal.
    The present invention also aims to provide such a composition so that it is easily injectable, in particular through a needle, and more precisely through a needle provided for an arthroscopic procedure.
    The present invention also aims to provide such a composition meeting the maximum of technical criteria to provide an integral clot, non-retracted, non-fragmented, resistant to compression and deformation.
    The present invention also aims to provide stable compositions over time.
    The present invention also aims to provide storage systems and administration of suitable compositions for their manufacture and preservation, and easy to use for the surgeon.
    The present invention aims in particular to solve these technical problems reliably, industrial and inexpensive.
    Blood coagulation is a complex phenomenon (primary and secondary hemostasis). Different parameters may positively or negatively affect the coagulation process during clot formation, especially when forming a blood clot.
    It has been surprisingly discovered by the present inventors that it is possible to solve one or more of the aforementioned technical problems by preparing a composition comprising a mixture of a chitosan formulation and a coagulable fluid, wherein the formulation of chitosan has a concentration of at least 2.5% chitosan by mass relative to the total mass of chitosan formulation, said chitosan having a dynamic viscosity of less than or equal to 60mPa.s, measured in 1% acetic acid (v / v), said composition comprising at least one organic sugar or polyol salt.
    The coagulation rate is particularly optimized when the concentration of chitosan is greater than or equal to 3% by weight, relative to the mass of the chitosan formulation.
    The composition according to the invention covers, when it refers to the mixture of chitosan and coagulable fluid, both to the fluid composition prior to coagulation of the coagulable fluid in the presence of chitosan, and the coagulated mixture. According to a variant of the composition of the invention relates to the fluid mixture. According to another variant, the composition of the invention relates to the coagulated mixture.
    The term "chitosan formulation" means the solution comprising chitosan, the organic sugar or polyol salt and any other ingredients of the formulation, just before mixing with the coagulable fluid. It is not the "chitosan solution" which means the chitosan solution before it comes into contact with the organic salt of sugar or polyol. Any other meaning is specified specifically, where appropriate, or the context makes this clarification unnecessary.
    The term "coagulable fluid" means a body fluid (or biological) of a mammal, preferably a human being, which can be isolated from the body, for example by means of a syringe of samples, and which coagulates, that is, it ultimately forms a clot, in other words a thrombus. Among the coagulable fluids that may be mentioned in particular: a blood, a plasma, a platelet lysate, a platelet-rich plasma, a plasma rich in platelets without erythrocytes, and mixtures thereof. Blood refers to both whole blood and processed blood (that is, having undergone a technical operation), venous blood, arterial blood, bone blood, spinal cord blood, umbilical cord blood, placental blood. The coagulable fluid used is preferably a fluid of the subject considered. It is an autologous coagulable fluid.
    The coagulable fluid can be enriched by amplifying the presence of one or more of its components. A component of the fluid may for example be erythrocytes, leucocytes, lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear cells, monocytes, platelets, fibrinogens, stem cells with the exception of human embryonic stem cells, thrombin hemoglobin, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, a coagulation factor.
    The coagulable fluid may be supplemented with an exogenous agent, for example one or more coagulation factors, to obtain an optimal coagulation time, and / or the desired mechanical properties, when the coagulable fluid is coagulated, for example a calcium salt. . The coagulable fluid may also be supplemented with therapeutic agents. Among the therapeutic substances that may be mentioned are polysaccharides, polypeptides, liposomes, DNAs, antibodies, RNAs, proteins, peptides, extracellular matrix fragments, growth factors, chemotactic factors, cytokines, the factors angiogenic, living cells, for example chondrocytes, osteoblasts, stem cells with the exception of human embryonic stem cells.
    Surprisingly, it has been discovered that increasing the concentration of chitosan in the chitosan formulation decreases the coagulation time of the coagulable fluid when mixing this chitosan formulation with a coagulable fluid, and especially blood. Such a formulation of chitosan makes it possible to coagulate the coagulable fluid, in particular the blood, rapidly. Such a chitosan formulation makes it possible to form a three-dimensional structure with the coagulable fluid, forming an interpenetrating network with the components of the fluid and the chitosan in solution.
    The chitosan formulation according to the invention makes it possible to obtain satisfactory results in terms of retraction of the coagulable fluid clot, in particular clots formed by coagulated blood and chitosan.
    The chitosan formulation according to the invention makes it possible to obtain satisfactory mechanical properties, especially in terms of spreading and adhesion to the tissue to be repaired, in particular when it is not arranged in a horizontal plane.
    The inventors have in particular found that when the concentration of chitosan is greater than 2%, the coagulation is not satisfactory if the dynamic viscosity of the chitosan formulation is not in accordance with the present invention.
    It has also been identified by the present inventors that compositions according to the prior art, comprising a mixture of chitosan with a molecular mass greater than 200k, in the presence of an organic sugar or polyol salt (glycerophosphate salt) had a viscosity which can lead to problems with the handling of the composition and the blood clot. Indeed, it is difficult to easily prepare a blood / chitosan solution mixture prior to coagulation that is homogeneous, that is to say for which the two parts of the composition are intimately mixed and form an interpenetrating network. However, it is important that the pre-coagulation composition be homogeneous, because the entire surface of the lesion and the microtunnels that are formed in the cartilage lesion can be treated with the same amount of chitosan and blood, to promote formation of new cartilage of good quality over the newly formed volume.
    The compositions of the invention have a dynamic viscosity allowing a good spreading of the composition of chitosan mixed with a coagulable fluid when it is coagulated.
    The coagulated compositions of the invention also exhibit good adhesion at the site of application, for example on cartilage, and more generally on bone tissue or other tissue.
    A tissue is a set of similar cells of the same origin, grouped into a functional whole, that is to say, contributing to the same function.
    Chitosan is for example referenced under the CAS number 9012-76-4.
    The chitosan used for the invention is advantageously of fungal origin, and preferably derived from the mycelium of a mushroom of the Ascomycete type, and in particular Aspergillus niger, and / or a Basidiomycete fungus, and in particular Lentinula edodes. (shiitake) and / or Agaricus bisporus (Paris mushroom). Preferably, chitosan is derived from Agaricus bisporus. The chitosan is preferably very pure, that is to say containing few impurities from its fungal origin, and a microbiological quality compatible with its use as an implant or pharmaceutical composition. A method for preparing chitosan is that described, for example, in patents of the family WO 03/068824 (EP 1483299, US 7,556,946, etc.).
    The average molecular weight of chitosan can be estimated by the dynamic viscosity value of the 1% (w / w) solution of chitosan in 1% (v / v) acetic acid. The "1% (m / m) solution of chitosan" refers to a distilled water solution comprising 1% by weight of chitosan relative to the total mass of the chitosan solution in distilled water. To this 1% (w / w) solution of chitosan is added acetic acid to obtain a 1% (w / w) solution of chitosan and 1% (v / v) of acetic acid. The chitosan powder can also be added in an acetic acid solution to reach 1%. Acetic acid 1% (v / v) means a concentration of 1% by volume of acetic acid relative to the volume of the final distilled water solution.
    The dynamic viscosity is measured using a rotational mobile viscometer, for example a rotational viscometer of the Brookfield brand, for example equipped with a S34 type spindle at a speed adjusted according to viscosity by the man of the art of 0.3 to 100tr / min according to the recommendations related to the viscometer, and for example 5 rpm, and at a temperature of 25 ° C.
    Advantageously, the chitosan used according to the invention has, according to the aforementioned measurement method, a dynamic viscosity of between 5 and 60 mPa.s, for example from 5 to 55 mPa.s, when it is in solution at the concentration of 1 % (m / m) in 1% (v / v) acetic acid.
    According to one variant, the chitosan used according to the invention has a dynamic viscosity of between 5 and 25mPa.s, for example from 8 to 20mPa.s, when it is in solution at a concentration of 1% (m / m). in acetic acid 1% (v / v).
    According to one variant, the chitosan used according to the invention has an apparent dynamic viscosity of between 26 and 50mPa.s, for example from 30 to 45mPa.s, when it is in solution at the concentration of 1% (m / m ) in acetic acid 1% (v / v).
    The chitosan can be of different molecular weights, in the molecular weight range according to the present invention.
    In particular, the invention relates to a chitosan having a viscosimetric average molecular weight Mv ranging from 20,000 (20k) to 145,000 (145k).
    According to one variant, the average viscosity (Mv) molecular weight is between 20,000 (20k) and 120,000 (120k).
    According to one variant, the average molecular weight in viscosity (Mv) is between 20,000 (20k) and 60,000 (60k).
    According to another variant, the average molecular weight in viscosity (Mv) is between 60,000 (60k) and 100,000 (100k).
    It is possible to hydrolyze chitosan to reduce its molecular weight.
    Preferably, the average molecular weight is the viscosity average molecular weight (Mv), calculated from the intrinsic viscosity according to the Mark-Houwink equation. The intrinsic viscosity is measured by capillary viscosimetry, with a Ubbelohde capillary viscometer, according to the method of the European Pharmacopoeia monograph EP2.2.9. The flow time of the solution is measured through a suitable capillary tube (Lauda, for example the capillary tube Ubbelohde 510 01 with a diameter of 0.53 mm) using an automatic viscometer Lauda Vise, first at the concentration initially in chitosan, then for several dilutions, for example according to the recommendations of method EP2.2.9. The reduced intrinsic viscosity is deduced for each of the concentrations. The reduced viscosity is plotted as a function of temperature, and the value is extrapolated to the concentration 0 to deduce the intrinsic viscosity. For example, the reduced viscosity (η 2 in ml / g) of the dilutions as a function of the concentration C of the dilutions (g / ml) according to formula 2 should be used.
    Formula 2. [η ^] = (L-10) - (1-C).
    To calculate the average viscometric mass, the Mark-Houwink equation is applied with the k and alpha constants recommended by Rinaudo et al. (Int J Biol Macromol, 1993, 15, 281-285), according to the degree of acetylation (DA) of chitosan, according to one of the following three formulas.
    Formula 3. Mv = ([η] / 0.082) (1 / ° 76), for a DA of 2%;
    Formula 4. Mv = ([η] / 0.076) <1 / 0.76), for a DA of 10% (for example 11.5%);
    Formula 5. Mv = ([η] / 0.074) (1 / 0.76), for a DA of 20% (for example 21%).
    For the intermediate DA values, a linear interpolation is performed to calculate the average viscometric mass (Mv).
    Advantageously, chitosan has a degree of acetylation of between 5 and 50%. The degree of acetylation is expressed as the number of moles of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units relative to the number of moles of total N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and D-glucosamine units present. The degree of deacetylation is one hundred minus the degree of acetylation (DDA = 100-DA).
    According to one variant, the degree of acetylation is between 25 and 40%.
    According to one variant, the degree of acetylation is between 20 and 30%.
    According to one variant, the degree of acetylation is between 15 and 25%.
    According to a preferred variant, the degree of acetylation is between 5 and 20%.
    According to a preferred variant, the degree of acetylation is from 5 to 20%, and more preferably from 5 to 15%.
    The degree of acetylation is determined by potentiometric titration. Chitosan is dissolved in a solution of hydrochloric acid. The excess of unreacted hydrochloric acid with the amine functions of chitosan is determined by a standard solution of sodium hydroxide. This gives the number of moles of D-glucosamine unit present in the chitosan and thus by subtraction the degree of acetylation.
    Chitosan advantageously has a controlled degree of acetylation. By the term "chitosan having a controlled degree of acetylation" is meant a product whose degree of acetylation, i.e. the proportion of N-acetyl-glucosamine units, can be adjusted in a controlled manner.
    According to a specific variant, the invention uses a chitosan having a degree of acetylation of between 5 and 20%, a dynamic viscosity (measured as described above, with a 1% solution (m / m) of chitosan in acetic acid 1% (v / v) of 5 and 60mPa.s, for example from 5 to 55mPa.s.
    According to one very advantageous variant, the invention uses a chitosan having a degree of acetylation of between 5 and 20%, and a dynamic viscosity (measured as described above, with a 1% solution (m / m)). of chitosan in acetic acid 1% (v / v) of 5 and 25mPa.s, for example from 8 to 20mPa.s.
    According to a very advantageous variant, the invention uses a chitosan having a degree of acetylation of between 5 and 15%, and a dynamic viscosity (measured as described above, with a 1% solution (m / m)). of chitosan in acetic acid 1% (v / v) of 5 and 25mPa.s, for example 7 to 20mPa.s.
    The chitosan is advantageously purified and then preferably dried. After purification, the method of the invention may comprise a step of drying the substituted chitosan, and optionally grinding it to obtain a powder. The chitosan can be dried, for example by evaporation of water, for example by a spray-drying (atomization), fluidized bed, vacuum drying or atmospheric pressure, or by freeze-drying.
    The chitosan may be solubilized in an aqueous solution, and for example in water of acceptable quality for injection or implantation in a body, and in particular a human body.
    The dissolution of chitosan in an aqueous solution can be promoted by adjusting the pH to a sufficiently acidic pH by the addition of an acid. Advantageously, acetic acid or hydrochloric acid may be used. For example, chitosan is brought to a pH of about 4.5 to 7 in the presence of the acid. Then, one can readjust the pH for example with an organic salt of sugar or polyol, for example a glycerophosphate. Advantageously, the aim is a pH of between 4.5 and 8.5, and preferably between 5.5 and 7.5. For example, the pH can be brought to about 7.
    Thus according to one variant, the chitosan solution or formulation comprises an acid. The acid may be present at a concentration of 0.001 to 0.1 N, for example about 0.01 N.
    A composition according to the invention having a higher concentration of chitosan than the compositions of the prior art is interesting because of the intrinsic properties of chitosan which are beneficial for the repair of cartilage, as described by Hoemann et al. (Osteoarthritis & Cartilage 15, 78, 2007), Chen et al. (Cartilage 2, 173, 2011), or Stanish et al. (J Bone Joint Surg 95, 1640, 2013) in combination with a microfracture bone marrow stimulation procedure, or as described by Oprenyeszk et al. (Osteoarthritis Cart 21, 1099, 2013; Plos One 10, 2015). In particular, reference may be made to application WO 2011/060553 for the various complement activation pathways.
    Advantageously, the chitosan formulation has a chitosan concentration greater than 2.5% and less than 10% by weight relative to the final solution mass.
    Advantageously, the concentration of chitosan is greater than or equal to 2.8%, for example greater than or equal to 3%, or even greater than or equal to 3.2% by weight relative to the total weight of the chitosan formulation (m / m).
    According to a specific variant, the concentration of chitosan ranges from 2.9 to 3.5% (w / w), expressed in mass relative to the total weight of the chitosan formulation.
    According to a specific variant, the concentration of chitosan ranges from 3.6 to 4.5% (w / w), expressed in mass relative to the total weight of the chitosan formulation.
    According to a specific variant, the concentration of chitosan ranges from 4.6 to 5.5% (w / w), expressed in mass relative to the total weight of the chitosan formulation.
    According to one particular variant, the concentration of chitosan is approximately 3.0% (m / m), expressed in mass relative to the mass of the chitosan formulation.
    According to a particular variant, the concentration of chitosan is approximately 4.0% (w / w), expressed in mass relative to the mass of the chitosan formulation.
    According to one particular variant, the concentration of chitosan is approximately 5.0% (w / w), expressed in mass relative to the mass of the chitosan formulation.
    According to a very advantageous variant, the invention relates to a chitosan formulation and a chitosan solution for preparing said chitosan formulation, said chitosan, having a degree of acetylation of between 5 and 20%, and a dynamic viscosity (measured as as previously described, with a 1% (m / m) solution of chitosan in 1% (v / v) acetic acid) of 5 and 25mPa.s, for example from 8 to 20mPa.s, said chitosan formulation having a chitosan concentration greater than or equal to 3%, or even greater than or equal to 3.2% by weight relative to the total weight of the chitosan formulation (m / m).
    According to a very advantageous variant, the invention uses a chitosan formulation and a chitosan solution to prepare this chitosan formulation, said chitosan having a degree of acetylation ranging from 5 to 15% and a dynamic viscosity (measured as as previously described, with a 1% (w / w) solution of chitosan in 1% (v / v) acetic acid) of 5 and 25mPa.s, for example 7 to 20mPa.s., said formulation of chitosan having a chitosan concentration greater than or equal to 2.8%, for example greater than or equal to 3%, or even greater than or equal to 3.2% by weight relative to the total weight of the chitosan formulation ( m / m).
    Among the polyol or sugar salts, mention may be made especially of the phosphate salts, and more particularly the dibasic salts of polyol monohydrogen or sugar. Mention may also be made of sulfate salts, for example polyol monoalphate or sugar salts. Among the phosphate salts, there may be mentioned dibasic mono-phosphates of glycerol, including glycerol-2-phosphate, sn-glycerol-3-phosphate and 1-glycerol-3-phosphate. According to one variant, it is beta-2-glycerophosphate (for example C3H706PNa2, 5.5H2O, CAS No. 13-408-09-8). It may be a pentahydrate form. Among the polyols and sugars for such salts, mention may be made of the following polyols and sugars: histidinol, acetol, diethylstilbestrol, indoleglycerol, sorbitol, ribitol, xylitol, arabinitol, erythritol, inositol, mannitol, glucitol, palmitoyl-glycerol, linoleoyl-glycerol , oleoyl-glycerol, arachidonoyl-glycerol, fructose, galactose, ribose, glucose, xylose, rhamnulose, sorbose, erythrulose, deoxy-ribose, ketose, mannose, arabinose, fuculose, fructopyranose, ketoglucose, sedoheptulose, trehalose, tagatose, sucrose, allose , threose, xylulose, hexose, methylthio-ribose or methylthio-deoxy-ribulose, or any of their mixtures.
    According to one variant, the organic polyol salt is a glycerophosphate, and more particularly a salt of disodium beta-glycerophosphate pentahydrate.
    According to a specific variant, the concentration of polyol salt or sugar, and preferably glycerol phosphate, is between 1 and 20%. Advantageously, the concentration of polyol salt or sugar, and preferably glycerol, is between 1 and 15%. Advantageously, the concentration of polyol salt or sugar is from 2% to 5%. According to one variant, the concentration of polyol salt or sugar is between 2% and 10%. The values are expressed in mass relative to the total weight of the chitosan formulation.
    According to one variant, the glycerol salt is a glycerophosphate, and more specifically a sodium salt, such as, for example, disodium glycerophosphate.
    Alternatively, the concentration of beta-glycerophosphate (GP) is chosen to adjust the pH to 7.0 ± 0.2 and the osmolarity to 300 ± 25 mOsmol / kg of the chitosan formulation, which are compatible with use in contact with biological tissues, in particular a joint. Thus, the final GP concentration in the chitosan formulation is about 2% (w / w).
    The polyol salt or sugar, and preferably glycerol phosphate, can be used to bring the pH to a basic pH, then the pH of the composition is adjusted by the addition of an acid, which has the advantage to provide a composition whose pH is modulable very easily and accurately.
    Thus, the composition according to the invention has a pH greater than or equal to 5.5, and for example a pH of 5.8 to 8.0.
    According to one variant, the pH is between 5.5 and 7.5, and preferably ranges from 6 to 7.
    According to a preferred variant, the pH is less than 7.0.
    According to a specific variant, the pH of the chitosan formulation is 6 +/- 0.2.
    According to another specific variant, the pH is 7.2 +/- 0.2.
    According to another specific variant, the pH is 7.0 +/- 0.2.
    The pH is measured on the chitosan formulation.
    The pH is determined by following the method described in the European Pharmacopoeia (EP 2.2.3). The pH meter used is a pH meter from the Sartorius range with a combined glass electrode (PY-P11). PH measurements are made between 20 and 25 ° C.
    According to one embodiment, the chitosan formulation has an osmolality of 100 to 700mosm / kg, preferably 200 to 500mosm / kg, and still more preferably 300 to 400mosm / kg.
    Advantageously, the osmolality of the chitosan formulation is between 250 and 400 mosm / kg, and preferably from 275 to 325 mosm / kg.
    According to one variant, the chitosan formulation exhibits an osmolality that is compatible with a joint.
    It is preferable that the osmolality of the chitosan formulation be between 250 and 400, and more specifically between 250 and 380mosm / kg.
    The determination of the osmolality of the solutions is carried out with an automatic micro-osmometer (Osmometer Type 15M from Lôser Messtechnik). The equipment is calibrated beforehand with a solution of 300mosm / kg. The sample is placed in a container provided for this purpose, and is put to the standard temperature of the measurement.
    According to one variant, the composition comprises a buffer, for example an acetate buffer.
    Buffering agents are known to those skilled in the art.
    It is advantageous to use at least one polyol and in particular a reducing sugar in the composition of the invention (in addition to the polyol salt such as glycerol phosphate).
    Such polyols may for example be selected from the group consisting of: isopropanol, sorbitol, mannitol, alkylene glycol such as propylene glycol, poly (alkyl glycol), for example poly (ethylene glycol), fructose, galactose, ribose, glucose, xylose, rhamnulose, sorbose, erythrulose, deoxyribose, ketose, mannose, arabinose, fuculose, fructopyranose, ketoglucose, sedoheptulose, trehalose, tagatose, sucrose, allose, threose, xylulose, hexose, methylthio-ribose, methylthio-deoxy-ribulose, and any of their mixtures.
    Preferably, the composition comprises at least one reducing sugar, for example mannitol.
    According to one variant, the present invention relates to a chitosan formulation comprising at least 2% by weight of chitosan, and preferably from 1 to 10% of polyol salt or of sugar, for example of glycerophosphate, and optionally from 0.1 to 20% reducing sugar. Advantageously, the chitosan formulation comprises from 2.8 to 6.5% by weight of substituted chitosan and from 2 to 6% by weight of glycerol, preferably of glycerophosphate, and optionally from 0.1 to 15% by weight of sugar. reducing agent, with respect to the total mass of the composition.
    According to one variant, the chitosan formulation may also comprise one or more inorganic salts, in addition to the organic polyol or sugar salt.
    Among the inorganic salts, there may be mentioned for example a sodium salt, a salt of chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, sulfate, or salt any of their mixtures. According to a particular variant, the inorganic salt may be potassium chloride, sodium chloride, cesium chloride, calcium chloride, cesium fluoride, potassium perchlorate, sodium nitrate, calcium sulphate, or any of their mixtures.
    According to one variant, the chitosan formulation comprises a calcium salt, in particular calcium chloride. The invention also relates to a process for preparing a composition or a formulation according to the invention.
    This process typically comprises: dissolving a chitosan in an aqueous solution of a dilute acid, preferably water and a dilute acid, preferably a weak acid, preferably an organic acid, optionally a buffered solution; a weak acid and base, preferably at a pH of between 4.5 and 8.5, and preferably between 5.5 and 7.5; the eventual adjustment of the pH to a physiological pH; - mixing with a solution of sugar salt or polyol, such as a glycerol phosphate salt solution; the eventual adjustment of the pH to a physiological pH, for example by addition of a buffering agent; the possible adjustment of the osmolality of the solution; the possible adjustment of the viscosity of the solution.
    The chitosan solutions without organic sugar or polyol salt can be prepared in the following manner: - the dispersion of chitosan in an aqueous solution, such as water, - the addition of an acid solution for adjust the pH, for example at a pH of between 4.5 to 7, and preferably between 4.5 and 6.9, and for example at pH 6, the addition of excipients possibly present in the chitosan solution to with the exception of organic sugar or polyol salt, - sterilization, preferably by steam autoclaving, - optionally packaging for the preservation of the solution.
    The organic sugar solution of sugar or polyol can be prepared according to the knowledge of the skilled person.
    The organic sugar solution of sugar or polyol may be added to the chitosan solution after sterilization thereof, for example. The organic sugar solution of sugar or polyol can itself be sterilized, for example by steam autoclaving or by sterilizing filtration.
    According to one variant, the glycerophosphate - chitosan mixture is produced before sterilization.
    According to one variant, the dissolution of chitosan is carried out in water comprising a reducing sugar, such as, for example, mannitol.
    According to one variant, the buffering agent is an acetate buffer.
    Advantageously, the method also comprises a subsequent step of filling an injection device, such as for example a syringe, with the chitosan formulation or the chitosan solution. Advantageously, the injection device, such as for example a syringe, can then undergo steam sterilization. This device, for example a syringe, can then be packaged, preferably in a sterile manner.
    It is advantageous to use a chitosan having a degree of purity sufficient for the intended application. The invention also covers a chitosan or a formulation of chitosan in a dry form, especially in a freeze-dried form.
    In particular, the lyophilized product can be (re) dispersed and preferably solubilized before use.
    According to one variant, the chitosan may be in dry form, in particular in a freeze-dried form, before it is brought into contact with the organic polyol or sugar salt, which may be in the form of an aqueous solution.
    Thus, the invention relates to a chitosan in dry form, in particular in powder form, for example in freeze-dried form, suitable and intended to be dissolved in a solution comprising at least one organic polyol salt or sugar, such as those above, the resulting formulation being suitable and intended to be brought into contact with a coagulable fluid.
    According to a preferred variant, the invention therefore relates to a medical device comprising a chamber containing a chitosan in a dry form, in particular in a freeze-dried form, and a chamber containing a solution of at least one organic polyol salt or sugar.
    Alternatively, one of the chambers of the syringe contains a solid powder from the dried chitosan solution, and the other chamber contains the solution of organic polyol salt or sugar.
    Such packaging variants make it possible on the one hand to preserve the components of the formulation in a practical and prolonged manner, and to provide a device for simple and rapid preparation of the formulation. These variants make it possible to prevent the composition from gelling spontaneously when it is stored for a long time.
    The solution or chitosan powder may be disposed in a chamber of a medical device comprising a second chamber comprising a solution of organic polyol salt or sugar. Such a device may comprise a separation between the chamber comprising the chitosan solution (without the organic polyol salt or sugar) and the chamber comprising the organic polyol salt or sugar solution. This separation may be removed, pierced, or allow contact by any other action or means between the chitosan solution and the organic polyol salt or sugar solution. By way of example, mention may be made of double-chamber syringe type devices in series or in parallel, for example described in patent EP 0511402, EP 0728492, US 3749084, US 4538920, US 5971953, US 20120265171, or else different double-chamber syringes marketed by Vetter-Pharma (Vetter Lyo-Ject® dual-chamber syringe), Unilife (EZMix Genesis ™), Tyfill (double chamber syringe), VDW (2Seal easymiX®)
    According to a variant, the invention relates to a medical device comprising a chamber containing the chitosan solution mixed with the organic polyol salt or sugar.
    Thus, the invention relates to a medical device comprising or constituting a chitosan formulation at a concentration of at least 2.5% of mass chitosan with respect to the volume of chitosan formulation, said chitosan having a dynamic viscosity less than or equal to 60mPa.s, measured in 1% (v / v) acetic acid, to be mixed with a coagulable fluid. The invention also relates to a medical device comprising a chitosan composition according to the invention. The invention also relates to a medical device comprising a plurality of containers, said containers being possibly physically independent ("kit-of-part"), characterized in that the medical device comprises at least (i) a container containing a solution or a powder of chitosan, said chitosan having a dynamic viscosity of less than or equal to 60mPa.s, measured in 1% (v / v) acetic acid, and (ii) a container containing a solution of an organic sugar or polyol salt , said chitosan being present in an amount capable of forming a formulation of chitosan and organic sugar or polyol salt in which the chitosan concentration is greater than or equal to 2.5% of mass chitosan with respect to the weight of the formulation of chitosan, the chitosan formulation being formed by contacting the chitosan solution with the solution of an organic sugar or polyol salt.
    Advantageously, the medical device is a syringe of the double chamber type, pre-filled.
    Such formulations of chitosan (including the organic polyol salt or sugar) may for example be stored at a temperature below the sol-gel transition temperature. Advantageously, these chitosan solutions are stable for several months, for example at room temperature, or at a refrigerated temperature (generally 4 ° C. to 8 ° C.), and in particular at 4 ° C.
    For mixing with the coagulable fluid, the chitosan formulation or the chitosan solution is contacted with the coagulable fluid, and then the assembly is mixed.
    Alternatively, the initial chitosan solution is contacted with the solution comprising the organic sugar polyol salt, and then the resulting chitosan formulation is mixed with the coagulable fluid, and in particular the blood.
    According to one variant, the initial chitosan solution is mixed with the coagulable fluid, and in particular the blood, and then the solution of organic polyol salt or sugar is added to the mixture.
    The mixing with the coagulable fluid can be carried out in the medical device containing the formulation, solution, or chitosan powder (with or without the organic sugar or polyol salt) via a system designed to make this mixture, or in a separate device . According to a variant which concerns a procedure by implantation, the clinical practitioner takes the coagulable fluid by a syringe and then injects this fluid into a bottle containing the formulation, the solution, or the chitosan powder, and then agitates this bottle. The mixture is left to stand or stirred until a satisfactory coagulation.
    Alternatively, the clinical practitioner takes the coagulated mixture with a spatula to arrange or implant the clot at the desired location. According to another variant which relates for example to an arthroscopic procedure, the clinical practitioner takes the coagulable fluid by a syringe and then injects this fluid into a bottle containing the formulation, the solution, or the chitosan powder, and then agitates this bottle. The mixture is injected through a needle under endoscopy before or after coagulation. "Before coagulation" means before the chitosan / coagulable fluid mixture is coagulated.
    The present invention relates to a composition comprising or consisting of a mixture of chitosan and coagulable fluid in a coagulable fluid / chitosan volume ratio ranging from 1: 1 to 4: 1, and for example from 2: 1 to 3: 1, this ratio being expressed as a coagulable fluid volume with respect to the volume of chitosan formulation (v / v).
    According to one variant, the coagulable fluid / chitosan ratio is 3: 1.
    It is not desired to reduce the proportion of blood in the mixture, for example in order to promote homogeneity of the mixture or to promote faster clot formation, since it is desired to maintain a high concentration of active blood components. these components are beneficial for the repair of cartilage. This ratio of volume 3: 1 has been shown to be favorable for cartilage repair (Stanish et al., 2006).
    The present invention more particularly relates to an injectable or implantable composition comprising or consisting of a composition according to the invention.
    According to one variant, the composition according to the invention is used as a pharmaceutical composition or an injectable or implantable medical device.
    The present invention allows sterilization, especially sterilization by autoclaving solutions or formulations of chitosan.
    Advantageously, the chitosan solution or formulation according to the present invention is sterile. Very advantageously, the formulation or solution of chitosan according to the present invention (with or without an organic polyol salt or sugar) is sterilized by raising the temperature, preferably under an autoclave.
    According to one variant, the formulation or solution of chitosan (with or without an organic salt of polyol or sugar) is sterilized by steam, for example by raising the temperature to a temperature greater than 100 ° C., and preferably greater than 100 ° C. 120 ° C, for example between 121 and 138 ° C, under autoclave, for a time sufficient for sterilization, for example in general from 15 to 25 minutes.
    According to one variant, the chitosan formulations of the invention are transparent or translucent.
    By "translucent" we mean that we can distinguish an object when placing the formulation of chitosan between the eye of the observer and the object. By "transparent" it is meant that alphanumeric characters can be distinguished when placing the chitosan formulation between the observer's eye and the observed characters. In general, this evaluation is carried out with a thickness of approximately 1 cm.
    According to one variant, the chitosan formulation of the invention is colorless, that is to say in particular that an observer with the naked eye does not assign a specific color to the chitosan formulation. The invention particularly relates to articles or packaging, preferably sterile, comprising one or more injection devices pre-filled with a formulation or solution of chitosan (with or without organic polyol salt or sugar). It is typically syringes, one or more chambers and provided with pistons and possibly mixing devices, or bottles for biological use pre-filled.
    In particular, the present invention relates to a composition, formulation, solution or chitosan powder according to the invention, possibly included in a medical device, for its use in a therapeutic treatment method.
    According to a variant, the invention relates to a composition, formulation, solution or chitosan powder according to the invention, optionally included in a medical device, for its use in a method of therapeutic treatment of an articular disease.
    The present invention relates more particularly to a composition according to the invention for its use in a method of therapeutic treatment, for example comprising the injection or implantation subcutaneously, intradermally, intraocularly, intraosseous, or intra-articular, of said composition, for example for the repair or filling of at least one body tissue requiring repair or filling.
    According to one variant, the body tissue is chosen from the tissues belonging to the vocal cords, muscles, ligaments, tendons, cartilages, sexual organs, bones, joints, eyes (cornea), skin (dermis), a periodontal tissue, a maxillary tissue. facial tissue, temporomandibular tissue, abscess, resected tumor, ulcer, or any of their combinations, and more particularly at joint joints. The invention notably allows the treatment of a meniscus.
    The present invention relates more particularly to a composition according to the invention for its use in a method of treating osteoarthritis, or the repair of a cartilage defect, for example by injection or after mixing with the coagulable fluid and implantation in the cartilage.
    The present invention relates more particularly to a medical device, for example a medical implant, characterized in that it comprises or consists of a composition according to the invention and optionally a system for mixing the components of the composition and a system of administration of the composition.
    The present invention may also include one or more additives or excipients for modulating its properties. According to a specific variant, the composition of the invention comprises a suspension of particles, for example solid or gel particles.
    The present invention also relates to a composition according to the invention for use as a cellular vector, one or more cell types, and / or one or more active agents. It can be active agents from a pharmaceutical or biological point of view. The composition of the invention may indeed be compatible with the presence of cells, preferably living cells. Among the living cells of interest, there may be mentioned for example chondrocytes (articular cartilage), fibrochondrocytes (meniscus), ligament fibroblasts (ligament), skin fibroblasts (skin), tenocytes (tendons), myofibroblasts (muscle), cells mesenchymal strains with the exception of human embryonic stem cells, red blood cells (blood) and keratinocytes (skin). The composition of the invention may also be used as a therapeutic vector for the targeted delivery and / or controlled release of at least one therapeutic agent.
    According to the invention, the chitosan formulation is particularly intended to be mixed with blood or plasma, or a platelet lysate, or platelet-rich plasma, or any coagulable fluid in the presence of the formulation of the invention allowing, for example, 'increase product performance.
    The present invention thus relates to a method of therapeutic treatment implementing the injection or implantation of a composition according to the present invention. Therapeutic treatment methods cover any use of the composition such as for example those mentioned above.
    The present invention particularly covers an in situ treatment method and the preparation of the chitosan composition in situ. Thus the mixing with a coagulable fluid can be carried out at the site of implantation or injection, the coagulable fluid being available at this site. The invention also relates to the use of a composition according to the invention for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for a therapeutic treatment.
    As stated above, the invention relates in particular to the treatment of a joint, such as the meniscus.
    According to one variant, the chitosan formulation is applied directly at the injection or implantation site for coagulation with a coagulable fluid available at the injection or implantation site.
    The treatment methods according to the invention can be carried out according to the methods known to those skilled in the art.
    The term "composition according to the invention", "chitosan formulation according to the invention", "chitosan solution according to the invention", or equivalent terms, a composition, a chitosan formulation, or a chitosan solution, respectively, as defined in the present invention, including any of the variants, particular, specific or advantageous embodiments, independently or in any of their combinations, including according to the preferred features.
    By "between" a numerical value and another numerical value is meant a numerical range including terminals. These terminals can however be excluded.
    The present invention also covers a method of aesthetic care, in other words non-therapeutic, comprising the injection or implantation of a composition according to the invention. This is for example the filling of wrinkles or the filling of one or more visible tissue areas damaged, for example following an accident or surgery, for aesthetic purposes.
    In the Figures: Other objects, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the reading of the explanatory description which refers to examples which are given solely by way of illustration and which can not in any way limit the scope of the invention.
    The examples are an integral part of the present invention and any features appearing novel from any prior art from the description taken as a whole, including the examples, form an integral part of the invention in its function and its generality.
    Thus, each example has a general scope. On the other hand, in the examples, all percentages are given by weight, unless otherwise indicated, and the temperature is expressed in degrees Celsius unless otherwise indicated, and the pressure is atmospheric pressure unless otherwise indicated.
    Examples
    Example 1 Characteristics of Chitosan of Different Molecular Weights
    Chitosans of different molecular masses are prepared in the following manner: the chitin is suspended in the presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide, then the medium is heated at high temperature for a variable duration depending on the desired molecular weight. The chitosan is then purified by solubilization in acid medium and precipitated in an alkaline medium, washed and dried.
    The dynamic viscosity of solutions of different fungal and crustacean chitosan of concentration 1% (w / w) in 1% (v / v) acetic acid was determined using a Brookfield rotating mobile viscometer equipped with a Spindle type S34. The viscosimetric average molecular weight (Mv) is also determined by capillary viscometry, and the degree of acetylation by potentiometric titration.
    ND - Not determined
    It can be seen that the average molecular weight of chitosans, determined by capillary viscometry, and the dynamic viscosity of their solutions at a concentration of 1% (w / w) in 1% (v / v) acetic acid are correlated. Chitosan are classified by molecular weight range, from 'ultra-low' to 'ultra-high'.
    It is thus possible to estimate the viscosimetric average molecular weight of a chitosan starting from the dynamic viscosity of its 1% (m / m) solution in 1% (v / v) acetic acid. For example, the crustacean CS7 reference chitosan has an estimated viscosimetric average molecular weight greater than 400,000, given its solution viscosity of 489mPa.s.
    Thus, the value of the dynamic viscosity at 1% can be used to estimate the molecular weight of a chitosan.
    Example 2 - Dynamic viscosity of solutions of chitosan in acetic acid 1% (v / v) as a function of the chitosan concentration (%, m / m)
    Chitosans of different molecular masses (prepared according to Example 1) are dissolved in 1% (v / v) acetic acid at concentrations of 0.5% to 5%. The dynamic viscosity is measured using a Brookfield rotating mobile viscometer equipped with an S34 type spindle.
    It is understood from Table 2 that the viscosity of the chitosan solutions increases with the concentration of chitosan, especially as the molecular weight is high. The relation between the logarithm of the viscosity and the concentration of chitosan is linear. The slope of the curve of the log of the viscosity as a function of the concentration is all the higher as the molecular weight of the chitosan is high.
    The inventors have surprisingly put forward that the chitosans of the invention are particularly well suited for preparing blood clots in an easy manner and which are homogeneous, because for high molecular weight chitosans, the chains are too long and likely to have reduced mobility and result in non-homogeneous mixtures of chitosan with the blood before the clot forms, which is not desired.
    Chitosan of lower molecular weight, for example in the range 'low1 and' ultra-low ', can increase the concentration without compromising the homogeneity of the mixture with the blood.
    Example 3 - Rapid formation of a clot of fresh blood in the presence of chitosan solution of different molecular weights
    In this example, mixtures of chitosan solutions of molecular weight (expressed in terms of viscosity at 1%) and freshly collected blood in human volunteers are formed in order to obtain a homogeneous mixture and a firm clot. flexible, non-retracted and non-fragmented. The clinical objective is that this clot can be easily handled by a surgeon, to affix it on an osteochondral surface, for example a lesion of the cartilage having been previously pierced by microfractures - in the form of microtunnels. The procedure can be done by implantation, called mini-arthrotomy, or by athroscopy, that is to say through a needle under endoscopy, if the lesion can be visualized entirely through the arthroscopic field of vision, as described by Stanish et al. (J Bone Joint Surg Am. 95, 1640, 2013) and Steinwachs et al. (Arthroscopy Techniques 3, 399, 2014). In this case, it is advantageous for the clot to be flexible, non-fragmented and resistant, in order to be able to be injected through the needle and to be positioned homogeneously durable at the entrance of the microtunnels, with a view to their use. fill and stimulate the regeneration of cartilage in an equivalent way over the entire lesion.
    It is desired that the mixture of the fresh blood of the patient and the chitosan solution is homogeneous before the formation of the clot; indeed the repair must be done homogeneously over the entire surface of the lesion, that is to say, it is intended that the filling microtunnels is equivalent to a microtunnel to another and that the amount of the composition (of chitosan mixed with the blood) in contact with the osteochondral surface should be homogeneously distributed. In addition, the clot must not break and must be deformable to spread properly on the cartilage surface and not be unhooked during the procedure.
    Simultaneously with the homogeneity of the blood / chitosan mixture prior to clot formation, a significantly faster clot formation time is sought than that of the chitosan / blood compositions described in the literature or commercially available. For example, a faster formation of the clot, according to our method of determining clot formation time, is sought than that of the 2.05% CS7 chitosan solution and used as a control in this example. This "control" solution provides a clot in 15 minutes, with a retraction of 0.2%.
    In particular, it seeks a clot formation duration of less than 10 minutes, ideally less than 5 minutes, while having a clot in one part (without fragment, maintaining its integrity), which does not retract and which resists manual compression. In this example, it is therefore characterized only clots whose training time is less than or equal to 10 minutes.
    In this example, we work with chitosan solutions with physiological pH and osmolarity, ie pH 6.8 to 7.2 and osmolarity 275 to 325mOsm / kg.
    The volume ratio of blood to chitosan solution of the mixture is set at 3: 1 (v / v).
    Chitosan solutions of concentration ranging from 2% to 4% are prepared. Chitosans of variable molecular weight are used, which makes it possible to study the influence of the molecular weight of chitosan on the duration of formation of a complete clot, non-retracted and resistant to manual compression.
    Preparation of chitosan solutions at pH 7.0
    A solution of beta-glycerophosphate (GP) is prepared by dissolving beta-glycerol-sodium phosphate, pharmaceutical grade water for injection and 1N hydrochloric acid. This solution is then filtered on 0.2pm. The chitosan is dispersed in this solution, then a volume of glacial acetic acid variable as a function of the chitosan concentration is added to reach a pH of 7.0 ± 0.2. This solution is then sterilized by autoclave. The final GP concentration is 2% (w / w), the pH is 7.0 ± 0.2 and the osmolality is 300 ± 25 mOsmol / kg.
    Blood sampling and preparation of the mixture sana / chitosan solution:
    Whole blood samples are taken by qualified personnel from adult human volunteers. Each blood sample is analyzed for possible abnormalities in coagulation. If an anomaly is detected, the test is not continued for this sample.
    Freshly collected whole blood, ie less than 5 minutes before use, is mixed with the chitosan / beta-glycerophosphate solution (GP) at a volume ratio of 3/1, by mixing 1.5 ml of Chitosan / GP solution and 4.5 ml of blood. The blood / chitosan mixture is then slightly agitated manually for 10 seconds,
    The clots are formed as follows: 0.3 ml of the chitosan / blood mixture is poured into a glass tube;
    The tube is then placed in a bath thermostated at 37 ° C without stirring.
    After 5, 10 and 15 minutes, the appearance of the clots is checked by gently rocking the tube. It is determined visually whether the clot is formed in the center (complete clot), or if only the edges of the clot are solidified, or if the blood is still flowing. The time necessary for the formation of the complete clot is noted. For comparison, the clot is made with fresh blood without addition of chitosan solution / GP.
    Clot retraction rate
    The clots are allowed to incubate for 1 hour in a thermostated bath at 37 ° C., without stirring. After 1 hour of incubation, the clot has more or less retracted, which causes an expulsion of a certain volume of blood. To determine the rate of retraction, the tube and the clot are weighed together at the outlet of the bath. The liquid expelled from the clot is then removed using a glass syringe with a needle. The tube and the clot are again weighed together. The rate of retraction is determined according to the following calculation: mass (tube + clot exiting the bath) * 100 For comparison, the clot with fresh blood shrinks by about 40%. Compression T
    Once the retraction test is done, the clots are placed in a petri dish. Compression force is manually applied to the clot to determine its strength, characterized by visual observation of the effect of compression: release of blood after compression and / or clot fragmentation. The test is always performed by the same person with a substantially identical compressive force.
    Deformation test:
    Then, it is evaluated visually whether the clot is able to be deformed without disintegrating, for example to pass through a large needle 18 Gauge internal diameter 800 to 880pm in the form of large drops.
    Spread / adhesion test:
    Next, the ability of the clot to be extended over a surface to be treated without slipping too easily is evaluated by tilting the surface vertically at an angle of about 60 ° to the horizontal axis.
    Homogeneity of the mixture
    The homogeneity of the blood / chitosan mixture prior to coagulation is simulated and evaluated visually: the chitosan solution is prepared at pH 7.0 or pH 6.0, and a phosphate buffer is added to mimic the addition of blood, in a volume ratio of 1/3 and in a glass tube. It is stirred manually for 10 seconds, and the mixture is observed. If the chitosan formulation is evenly distributed, the mixture is considered homogeneous. If it is observed that the mixture forms some opaque zones and of 'gelatinous' consistency, it is considered that the mixture is not homogeneous. If it is observed that the mixture forms many opaque areas of gelatinous consistency, it is considered that the mixture is non-homogeneous.
    Concentration of chitosan in the chitosan / glycerophosphate solution before mixing with the blood; ** After 1 hour at 37 ° C. NS: Clot unsatisfactory for the assessed endpoint
    These results show that the only chitosan solutions that make it possible to provide a homogeneous mixture with fresh blood are those made with the reference chitosan CS1, CS2, CS4 and CS5 whose viscosity at 1% is 10 to 50mPa.s. . From the viscosity at 1% of 63mPa.s (CS10), the mixture is not homogeneous, which promotes the fragmentation of the clot formed.
    It is further apparent from these results that increasing the chitosan concentration surprisingly accelerates clot formation significantly compared to the 2.0% CS7 chitosan control solution. Below a concentration of 4% chitosan, the clot formation time is at least 15 minutes for all chitosan tested, which is not optimal.
    Clot formation time significantly lower, that is to say less than or equal to 10 minutes, is obtained for 4% chitosan solutions whose molecular weight is low (references CS1, CS2, CS4 and CS5, 1% viscosity of 10 to 50mPa.s).
    It is also apparent from this example that with a chitosan solution of 4% concentration for a chitosan of 1% viscosity of 10mPa.s (reference CS1), it is possible both to provide a homogeneous mixture between the blood and a solution of chitosan and glycerophosphate pH 7, and to form a clot in less than 5 minutes, this clot is very satisfactory and meets all the technical criteria (integrated, non-retracted, non-fragmented, resistant to compression and deformation) ).
    Example 4 Influence of the Concentration of the Low Molecular Weight Chitosan Solution on the Clot Formation Time
    In this example, the influence of low molecular weight chitosan concentration (1% viscosity of 15mPa.s, CS2 chitosan reference) on the clot formation time, in a range of 2% to 5%, was investigated. % (m / m).
    Only clots formed in less than 15 minutes are characterized.
    The formulations of the invention provide clots having a significantly lower coagulation time (5 minutes) than that of the 2.0% CS7 chitosan control solution, which is 15 minutes.
    The results surprisingly show that the clot formation time is 5 minutes when the chitosan is low molecular weight and its concentration greater than 3%. The concentration of chitosan does not influence clot retraction.
    In addition, Example 2 shows that the viscosity of the solution of low molecular weight chitosan similar to CS2 does not increase significantly with the concentration in the range studied, which does not compromise the formation of a homogeneous mixture with fresh blood, before clot formation.
    Maintaining a viscosity of the low chijpsane solution also allows easy industrial manufacture, which is not the case for higher molecular weight chitosans, as described in Example 2.
    Example 5 Influence of the Presence of a Calcium Salt on Clot Formation with a Low Molecular Weight Chitosan Formulation
    In this example, the influence of the presence of calcium chloride (CaCl 2) in variable concentration on clot formation prepared with solutions of low molecular weight chitosan (CS2 reference, 1% viscosity of 15 mPa.s has been investigated. ) concentrations of 3 and 4%.
    The calcium salt, in chloride form (Calcium chloride dehydrate, Merck (ref: 1.02465.1000)) is added to the chitosan solution to obtain the desired concentration, and the glycerophosphate is added.
    This formulation is then mixed with fresh blood the previously described protocol.
    It follows from this example that the presence of calcium chloride in the chitosan solution, at equal pH and osmolarity, does not accelerate clot formation. On the other hand, the presence of calcium chloride improves its cohesion, its capacity to remain intact under compression and deformation and not to allow a part of the blood to be released under compression, and its adherent character.
    This is advantageous for placing the clot on the surface to be treated, in particular by arthroscopy.
    It is also advantageous to have these cohesive and reinforced adhesion properties to be able to position the clot durably on the joint to be treated, even if it is in a non-horizontal position, without the clot sliding under the effect of gravity.
    权利要求:
    Claims (17)
    [1" id="c-fr-0001]
    A composition comprising a mixture of a chitosan formulation and a coagulable fluid, wherein the chitosan formulation has a concentration of at least 2.5% chitosan by mass relative to the total weight of the formulation of chitosan, said chitosan having a dynamic viscosity of less than or equal to 60mPa.s, measured in 1% (v / v) acetic acid, said composition comprising at least one organic sugar or polyol salt.
    [2" id="c-fr-0002]
    2, - Composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the chitosan has a mean molecular viscosimetric mass Mv ranging from 20,000 (20k) to 145,000 (145k).
    [3" id="c-fr-0003]
    3 - Composition according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the chitosan formulation has a chitosan concentration greater than 2.5% and less than 10% by weight relative to the final solution mass.
    [4" id="c-fr-0004]
    4. -Composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the chitosan is a chitosan of fungal origin.
    [5" id="c-fr-0005]
    5. Composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the organic sugar or polyol salt is a polyol monophosphate or sugar.
    [6" id="c-fr-0006]
    6. Composition according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the organic polyol salt is a glycerophosphate, and more particularly a salt of beta-glycerophosphate disodium pentahydrate.
    [7" id="c-fr-0007]
    7. Composition according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the volume ratio (v / v) between the coagulable fluid and chitosan is 1/1 to 4/1.
    [8" id="c-fr-0008]
    8. - Composition according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the osmolality of the chitosan formulation is between 250 and 400 mosm / kg, and preferably from 275 to 325 mosm / kg.
    [0009]
    9. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the chitosan formulation comprises one or more inorganic salts, and preferably a calcium salt.
    [10" id="c-fr-0010]
    10. -Composition according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the pH is between 5.5 and 7.5, and preferably ranges from 6 to 7.
    [11" id="c-fr-0011]
    11. - Composition according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the composition comprises living cells with the exception of human embryonic stem cells, for example osteoblasts.
    [12" id="c-fr-0012]
    12. A medical device comprising or consisting of a chitosan formulation at a concentration of at least 2.5% of mass chitosan with respect to the volume of chitosan formulation, said chitosan having a dynamic viscosity of less than or equal to 60 mPa.s , measured in 1% (v / v) acetic acid, said formulation comprising at least one organic sugar or polyol salt and being intended to be mixed with a coagulable fluid.
    [13" id="c-fr-0013]
    13. - Medical device comprising a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 11.
    [14" id="c-fr-0014]
    14. - Medical device comprising several containers, said containers being possibly physically independent ("kit-of-part"), characterized in that the medical device comprises at least (i) a container containing a solution or a powder of chitosan, said chitosan having a dynamic viscosity of less than or equal to 60mPa.s, measured in 1% (v / v) acetic acid, and (ii) a receptacle containing a solution of an organic sugar or polyol salt, said chitosan being present in an amount capable of forming a formulation of chitosan and organic sugar salt or polyol in which the concentration of chitosan is greater than or equal to 2.5% of chitosan by mass relative to the weight of chitosan formulation, the a chitosan formulation being formed by contacting the chitosan solution with the solution of an organic sugar or polyol salt.
    [15" id="c-fr-0015]
    15. - medical device according to claim 14, characterized in that it is a syringe type double chamber, pre-filled.
    [16" id="c-fr-0016]
    16. - Composition as defined in one of claims 1 to 11, optionally included in a medical device, for use in a method of therapeutic treatment.
    [17" id="c-fr-0017]
    17. - Composition as defined in one of claims 1 to 11, optionally included in a medical device, for use in a method of therapeutic treatment of an articular disease.
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    WO2017009346A1|2017-01-19|
    FR3038838B1|2017-08-18|
    引用文献:
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    AT198424T|1995-02-27|2001-01-15|Schott Parenta Systems Inc|TWO CHAMBER SYRINGE WITH INTERNAL BYPASS|
    CA2212300A1|1997-08-04|1999-02-04|Abdellatif Chenite|In vitro or in vivo gelfying chitosan and therapeutic uses thereof|
    US5971953A|1998-01-09|1999-10-26|Bachynsky; Nicholas|Dual chamber syringe apparatus|
    PT1294414E|2000-06-29|2006-07-31|Biosyntech Canada Inc|COMPOSITION AND METHOD FOR THE REPAIR AND REGENERATION OF CARTILAGE AND OTHER FABRICS|
    BE1014638A6|2002-02-12|2004-02-03|Univ Liege|Method of preparation of derivatives of cell wall from biomass.|
    ES2691723T3|2009-11-19|2018-11-28|Ortho Regenerative Technologies Inc.|Formulations of soluble physiological chitosan combined with platelet rich plasma for tissue repair|
    WO2011060554A1|2009-11-19|2011-05-26|Corporation De L'ecole Polytechnique De Montreal|Presolidified composition and method for in situ delivery of broad molecular weight range of chitosan implants with or without therapeutics for regenerative medicine and cartilage repair applications|
    WO2011060553A1|2009-11-19|2011-05-26|Corporation De L'ecole Polytechnique De Montreal|Formulation and method for rapid preparation of isotonic and cytocompatible chitosan solutions without inducing chitosan precipitation|
    CA2814783A1|2009-11-19|2011-05-26|Corporation De L'ecole Polytechnique De Montreal|Novel formulation of physiological chitosan-inorganic salt solution/blood mixtures for tissue repair|
    US9289562B2|2011-04-18|2016-03-22|THORNE CONSULTING and INTELETUAL PROPERTY, LLC|Pressure actuated valve for multi-chamber syringe applications|FR3074043B1|2017-11-28|2020-11-13|Kiomed Pharma|ANIONIC CHARGED CHITOSAN|
    FR3074044B1|2017-11-28|2019-11-01|Kiomed Pharma|CARBOXYALKYL CHITOSANE|
    FR3096260A1|2019-05-24|2020-11-27|Kiomed Pharma|CHITOSAN AND ITS APPLICATIONS|
    法律状态:
    2016-07-15| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 2 |
    2017-01-20| PLSC| Search report ready|Effective date: 20170120 |
    2017-08-25| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 3 |
    2017-09-08| CD| Change of name or company name|Owner name: KIOMED PHARMA, BE Effective date: 20170807 |
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    FR1501476A|FR3038838B1|2015-07-13|2015-07-13|CHITOSANE FOR MIXING WITH A COAGULABLE FLUID|FR1501476A| FR3038838B1|2015-07-13|2015-07-13|CHITOSANE FOR MIXING WITH A COAGULABLE FLUID|
    PCT/EP2016/066559| WO2017009346A1|2015-07-13|2016-07-12|Chitosan for mixing with a coagulable fluid|
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